Invocation of God, the repetition of the name (s) of God, removes any impurities of one’s heart. It is the spiritual behavior of Sufis and reminds the eternal bond between man and God. Sufis believe that to meet the bond and to achieve the invoked one must say the name of God because God is present in His own names. In Kobraviah tariqa saying the words ‘La Ilahah Illallah’ (there is no other gods but Allah) is underscored so that the invoker proves the absolute existence by denying whatever beyond God. Such an invocation of God and other ones will be transformed into light and turn heart into its own lighting nature.Invocation of God is divided into two types, that is, verbal and heartfelt. In Kobraviah tariqa the superiority is achieved through concealed and heartfelt invocation of God, which in proportion with heart itself has different stages so that at the top one invocation of God and invoker and the invoked are unified and as such the invoked invokes inside the invoker and the invoker achieves continuous invocation leading to the intuition of God. The whole living elements of the person is united and recite the word ‘Allah’. This paper also gives a detailed explanation on the ritual of invocation, how to invocate, and retention of breath, eulogy, recalling death, role of mentor in invocation and inspiring invocation.

In the following, I describe the Sufi (path) (tariqa) as a dialectical process which transforms the person through love. I examine the belief system of Islamic mystics as a journey involving both creativity and passion. I do so by using a fresh approach, a perspective that has heretofore yet to be applied to the spiritual alchemy of the Sufis.

This article surveys the relation between Naqshbandia (path) and trading activities in Timurid period (1370-1508AD). Considering the principles of this (path), illustrates the cerebral elements supplying the economical activities of its followers. These elements can be grouped in four concepts: solitude in public (sohbat), hidden recitation, serving people, and having occupation.Existance of tuitions concerning economical activities in Naqshbandia (path) had three important results. First, its propagation and vast influence among farmers and craftsmen as the two main producing forces. Second, supporting it by Timur and his successors. Third, forming a positive view on wealth and political power. These results provided both producing forces and political supports for Naqshbandies. So the leaders of tariqa could spread their spiritual and material influence in Transoxania and Khurasan.Transoxania was the homeland of Timurid government, the original land and power center of Naqshbandia Khajehs, meeting point of differenttrading roads and one of the axial regions of the Silk Road. This location and former elements made Naqshbandies very strenuous in trade of this period. From the end of 13th to the beginning of 15th century, in the whole Timurid period, Naqshbandies were of the key elements of trade, especially in Transoxania, Khurasan and axis of Silk Road, from Transoxania to China. The Naqshbandi statesmen of this period build trading centers. The leaders of tariqa, Khajehs, paid attention to agriculture and trade, in addition of religious activities. They also tried to revoke Tamgha tax. In the other hand, Naqshbandi merchants promote their tariqa along the roads during their trading journeys.Naqshbandies vast trading activities in this period had three important effects on this tariqa. First, it spread along the silk road, in centeral Asia and eastern Turkestan till the frontiers of China; the truth whose consequences has remained until our time. Second, Naqshbandi leaders who was interested in trade, earned such wealth and seepage that was unprecedented among Gnostic (path)s, and made mammonist aspect of tariqa more vivid. This problem caused some important discussion on the rate of relationship between tariqa and economical activities at the end of 15th century. The third result was a calamitous effect on Naqshbandi leaders in the second half of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century (Ahrar family), because of its increasing economical seepage and vast links with Timurid government, Ahrar family shared in their final fate. Some of them were killed by Uzbeks and the rest refuged in the other lands.Surviving the beginning and the end of relationship between Naqshbandi Traiqa and trade in Timurid period, is an occasional narrative of the important problem about the rate of economy and religion along the history of Iran.

Of alleged Islamic mystics, there are few who have been negligent of sharia and have sometimes established their aversion of sharia on reasons. In this descriptive-analytic research, I analyze such aversion, aiming to consider certain deviations among the Sufis and mystics from compliance with sharia. Their grounds for aversion of sharia include the following: (a) the truth is not in need of sharia, which is explicitly or implicitly indicated by some of these mystics; (b) the guardian of the saints is contrasted to the prophethood of prophets. Certain pseudo-mystics cite hadiths attributed to the Prophet to talk of the infallibility of the saints in the sense that everything is permitted for them; (c) a sacred goal justifies the deployment of non-sharia means. Thus, they believe that certain mystics made love to handsome teenage boys not because of personal lusts, but because of seeing the divine beauty in their faces, and (d) intoxication removes religious duties. This applies mostly to the so-called “the sane of the insane” whose reason is taken away from them by God and are thus set free from duties.

The linkage between sustainable agriculture, poverty and agricultural extension efforts and their impacts on rural centers in Behbahan Shahrestan has been discussed in this paper. Data were collected from 200 farmers in 40 villages of this Shahrestan. A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used for selecting villages and farmers. The findings of (path) analysis in three different causal models provide the complexity of relationships between variables and environmental degradation so that there is a causal relationship between poverty and unsustainability. Lack of direct causal effect of use of technology and extension efforts on sustainability in three models indicated the structural and institutional limitations of extension in diffusion of appropriate technologies. Finally, recommendations regarding regional planning with respect to socio-economic characteristics and changing from TOT approach to other alternatives and revising the education programs of extension agents are provided.

Objective(s): To evaluate the direct and indirect effects of different factors on fertility using the (path) analysis.Methods: Data were obtained from the research project ''Evaluating the effective elements on the tempo and quantum of fertility in Mazandaran Province in year 2000'', and by a questionnaire containing three sections (demographics, fertility data and family planning). This was a descriptive-analytic study and sampling was performed by a two-stage random procedure. A total of 1343 families were initially included in the study. The research targeted married women aged 10-54 years. We used (path) analysis to calculate the effect size and 95% confidence intervals for the following set of factors: mothers' age, mothers' education, duration of marriage, age at marriage, and mothers' age at her first pregnancy.Results: In total 1137 women participated in the study. The duration of marriage showed the strongest positive direct effect on fertility (r=0.428); the second strongest positive effect belonged to mothers' age (r=0.203). Mothers' education had the most powerful negative direct effect (r=-0.182). Mothers' age also had the strongest indirect effect (r=0.437), while mothers' education showed the greatest negative indirect effect (r=-0.153). All of the calculated effects were statistically significant (P-Value <0.001).Conclusion: This research illustrated the powerful effect of mothers' education on fertility. There is a potential for effective birth control through modification of factors that have a strong influence on fertility. It is difficult to change all of the factors at once, thus as a first step it might be better to concentrate on duration of marriage and mothers' education.

Purpose: Resilience in start-ups is a challenging issue that has caught the attention of policymakers and business owners. The present study is an attempt to provide a model for designing the resilience model of start-up businesses as a (path) to the future of start-up businesses. Method: This research is practical in terms of purpose and from the perspective of data collection is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis method. The data collection method is semi-structured interview. Interviews with participants continued until they reached the theoretical saturation point, which was achieved by conducting 15 interviews. Participants were selected by snowball and purposeful method and data analysis was done through three coding steps (open, axial, selective) with MAXQDA2020 software. Findings: Based on the research results, the components of "cognitive resilience, financial resilience, adaptive resilience" as well as the effective organizational factors of "precedent, drivers and boys and resilience consequences" were identified. In this research, foresight and futures studies were identified as the drivers of resilience of start-up businesses. Conclusion: Resilience enables businesses to respond effectively to the dynamic conditions of their environment and maximize their competencies through strategic foresight and as a result gain more value than their competitors in the field of business. In this regard, the integration of foresight in the process of business resilience can be suggested as a facilitator of drivers.

The Glide (path) altitude adjustment system is one of the tools of the landing navigation system (ILS) that helps the airplane to find its angle related to the runway by sending radio signals. It is done by sending two signals with a predetermined radiation pattern. The ratio of these two signals is used to find the elevation angle. The behavior of the electromagnetic wave sent from the system and its reflection from the ground causes the transmitted pattern to be distorted. This effect, known as the ground effect, is very important in transmitting antenna signals' accurate weight and phase shift. In this paper, the pattern of the transmitted pattern of the G/P system is modeled by considering the ground reflection, and several real systems are simulated.

Background & Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the major causes of occupational disease in the work places.Prevention of these disorders requires assessment and improvement of working conditions by ergonomics techniques.This study aimed to assess ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders construction worker using (path).Material & Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study.Work status of 60 construction workers were evaluated using the (path). Data analysis was performed by SPSS 16 statistical software and presented with general linear model and descriptive statics.Results: from three successive jobs of building Foundation, hard work and joinery have been selected. Labors age was 30.8±10.4 years and the average work experience was 10.6±5.6 years. The trunk posture in the work procedures of the study showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.001).Trunk and legs status assessment showed that neutral state labors make up about 50% of the time. In most jobs, about 80% of labors work in a neutral position and about 51% of labors did not bearing weight during their work.Conclusion: Further studies aimed at assessing job offers, ergonomic tools and design tools and teaching labors in proper lifting techniques can be effective in reducing musculoskeletal disorders.